Richard Demille Wyckoff — was an early 20th century pioneer in the technical approach to studying the stock market.

Richard Wyckoff method

At age 15 he took a job as a stock runner for a New York brokerage, then he became the head of his own firm while still in his 20s. Wyckoff was an avid student of the markets and an active tape reader and trader. He observed the market activities and campaigns of the legendary stock operators of his time, including JP Morgan and Jesse Livermore.

From his observations and interviews with those big-time traders, Wyckoff codified the best practices of Livermore and others into laws, principles and techniques of trading methodology, money management and mental discipline. In the s he founded a school, which later became the Stock Market Institute. His time-tested insights are as valid today as when they were first articulated. The Wyckoff Method involves a five-step approach to stock selection and trade entry, which can be summarized as follows.

Determine the present position and probable future trend of the market. Is the market consolidating or trending? Does your analysis of market structure, supply and demand indicate the direction that is likely in the near future? This assessment should help you decide whether to be in the market at all, and if so, whether to take long or short positions.

Use both bar charts and point-and-figure charts of the major market indices for Step 1. Select stocks in harmony with the trend. In an uptrend, select stocks that are stronger than the market. For instance, look for stocks that demonstrate greater percentage increases than the market during rallies, and smaller decreases during reactions.

In a downtrend, do the reverse — choose stocks that are weaker than the market. If you are not sure about a specific issue, drop it and move on to the next. Use bar charts of individual stocks to compare with those of the most relevant market index for Step 2.

Therefore, if you are planning to take long positions, choose stocks that are under accumulation or re-accumulation and have built a sufficient cause to satisfy your objective.

Step 3 relies on the use of point-and-figure charts of individual stocks. Apply the nine tests for buying or for selling described below. For instance, in a trading range after a prolonged rally, does the evidence from the nine selling tests suggest that significant supply is entering the market and that a short position may be warranted?

Or in an apparent accumulation trading range, do the nine buying tests indicate that supply has been successfully absorbed, as evidenced further by a low-volume spring and an even lower-volume test of that spring?

Use bar charts and point-and-figure charts of individual stocks for Step 4.

Learn the Richard Wyckoff Method of Trading from David H. Weis

Time your commitment with a turn in the stock market index. Three-quarters or more of individual issues move in harmony with the general market, so you improve the odds of a successful trade by having the power of the overall market behind it. Put your stop-loss in place and then trail it, as appropriate, until you close out the position. Use bar and point-and-figure charts for Step 5. Wyckoff proposed a heuristic device to help understand price movements in individual stocks and the market as a whole: Let us call him the Composite Man, who, in theory, sits behind the scenes and manipulates the stocks to your disadvantage if you do not understand the game as he plays it; and to your great profit if you do understand it.

He advised retail traders to try to understand and play the market game as the Composite Man played it. Wyckoff Method of Trading and Investing in Stocks Wyckoff Associates; New York; Section 9M, p.

Based on his years of observations of the market activities of large operators, Wyckoff taught that:. According to Wyckoff, the market can be understood and anticipated through detailed analysis of supply and demand, which can be ascertained from studying price action, volume and time.

As a broker, he was in a position to observe the activities of highly successful individuals and groups who dominated specific issues, and was able to decipher, through the use of what he called vertical bar and figure point-and-figure charts, the future intentions of those large interests.

The time to enter long orders is towards the end of the preparation for a price markup or bull market accumulation of large lines of stock , while the time to initiate short positions is at the end of the preparation for price markdown. These laws inform the analysis of every chart and the selection of every stock to trade.

The law of supply and demand determines the price direction. When demand is greater than supply, prices rise, and when supply is greater than demand, prices fall. This law is deceptively simple, but learning to accurately evaluate supply and demand on bar charts and to understand the implications of supply and demand patterns takes considerable practice.

The law of cause and effect helps the trader and investor set price objectives by gauging the potential extent of a trend emerging from a trading range. Point-and-figure chart counts are used to measure a cause and to project the extent of its effect.

The law of effort versus result provides an early warning of a possible change in trend in the near future. Divergences between volume and price often signal a change in the direction of a price trend. For example, when there are several high-volume large effort but narrow-range price bars after a substantial rally, with the price failing to make a new high little or no result , this suggests that big interests are unloading shares in anticipation of a change in trend.

Trading ranges TRs are places where the previous trend up or down has been halted and there is relative equilibrium between supply and demand. Institutions and other large professional interests prepare for their next bull or bear campaign as they accumulate or distribute shares within the TR. In both accumulation and distribution TRs, the Composite Man is actively buying and selling, the distinction being that in accumulation, the shares purchased outnumber those sold, while in distribution the opposite is true.

The extent of accumulation or distribution determines the cause that unfolds in the subsequent move out of the TR. A successful Wyckoff analyst must be able to anticipate and correctly judge the direction and magnitude of the move out of a TR.

Fortunately, Wyckoff offers time-tested guidelines for identifying and delineating the phases and events within a TR, which in turn provide the basis for estimating price targets in the subsequent trend.

These concepts are illustrated in the following four schematics; two depicting common variants of accumulation TRs, followed by two examples of distribution TRs. A terminal shakeout at the end of an accumulation TR is like a spring on steroids. Shakeouts may also occur once a price advance has started, with rapid downward movement intended to induce retail traders and investors in long positions to sell their shares to large operators.

However, springs and terminal shakeouts are not required elements: Accumulation Schematic 1 depicts a spring, while Accumulation Schematic 2 shows a TR without a spring.

Phase A marks the stopping of the prior downtrend. Up to this point, supply has been dominant. The approaching diminution of supply is evidenced in preliminary support PS and a selling climax SC. These events are often very obvious on bar charts, where widening spread and heavy volume depict the transfer of huge numbers of shares from the public to large professional interests. Once these intense selling pressures have been relieved, an automatic rally AR , consisting of both institutional demand for shares as well as short-covering, typically ensues.

A successful secondary test ST in the area of the SC will show less selling than previously and a narrowing of spread and decreased volume, generally stopping at or above the same price level as the SC. If the ST goes lower than that of the SC, one can anticipate either new lows or prolonged consolidation.

The lows of the SC and the ST and the high of the AR set the boundaries of the TR. Horizontal lines may be drawn to help focus attention on market behavior, as in the two Accumulation Schematics, above.

Sometimes the downtrend may end less dramatically, without climactic price and volume action. In general, however, it is preferable to see the PS, SC, AR and ST, because these provide not only a more distinct charting landscape, but also a clear indication that large operators have definitively initiated accumulation.

In a re-accumulation TR which occurs during a longer-term uptrend , the points representing PS, SC and ST are not evident in Phase A. Rather, in such cases, Phase A during re-accumulation resembles that more typically seen in distribution see below. Phases B — E in re-accumulation TRs are similar to, but are usually of shorter duration and smaller amplitude than, those in the primary accumulation base. In phase B, institutions and large professional interests are accumulating relatively low-priced inventory in anticipation of the next markup.

The process of institutional accumulation may take a long time sometimes a year or more , and involves purchasing shares at lower prices and checking advances in price with short sales. There are usually multiple STs during Phase B, as well as upthrust-type actions at the upper end of the TR.

Overall, the large interests are net buyers of shares as the TR evolves, with the goal of acquiring as much of the remaining floating supply as possible.

Institutional buying and selling imparts the characteristic up-and-down price action of the trading range. Early on in Phase B, the price swings tend to be wide, accompanied by high volume. As the professionals absorb the supply, however, the volume on downswings within the TR tends to diminish. When it appears that supply is likely to have been exhausted, the stock is ready for Phase C.

As noted above, a spring is a price move below the support level of the TR established in phases A and B that quickly reverses and moves back into the TR. It is an example of a bear trap because the drop below support appears to signal resumption of the downtrend. In reality, though, this marks the beginning of a new uptrend, trapping the late sellers, or bears.

A low-volume spring or a low-volume test of a shakeout indicates that the stock is likely to be ready to move up, so this is a good time to initiate at least a partial long position. The appearance of a SOS shortly after a spring or shakeout validates the analysis.

As noted in Accumulation Schematic 2, however, the testing of supply can occur higher up in the TR without a spring or shakeout; when this occurs, the identification of phase C can be challenging. If we are correct in our analysis, what should follow is the consistent dominance of demand over supply. This is evidenced by a pattern of advances SOSs on widening price spreads and increasing volume, and reactions LPSs on smaller spreads and diminished volumes.

During Phase D, the price will move at least to the top of the TR. LPSs in this phase are generally excellent places to initiate or add to profitable long positions. In phase E, the stock leaves the TR, demand is in full control, and the markup is obvious to everyone. Setbacks, such as shakeouts and more typical reactions, are usually short-lived. PSY—preliminary supply , where large interests begin to unload shares in quantity after a pronounced up-move.

Volume expands and price spread widens, signaling that a change in trend may be approaching. BC—buying climax , during which there are often marked increases in volume and price spread. The force of buying reaches a climax, and heavy or urgent buying by the public is being filled by professional interests at prices near a top.

A BC often occurs coincident with a great earnings report or other good news, since the large operators require huge demand from the public to sell their shares without depressing the stock price. With intense buying substantially diminished after the BC and heavy supply continuing, an AR takes place. The low of this selloff helps define the lower boundary of the distribution TR.

Wyckoff Trading system

If a top is to be confirmed, supply will outweigh demand, and volume and spread should decrease as price approaches the resistance area of the BC. A ST may take the form of an upthrust UT , in which price moves above the resistance represented by the BC and possibly other STs, then quickly reverses to close below resistance. After a UT, price often tests the lower boundary of the TR.

SOW—sign of weakness, observable as a down-move to or slightly past the lower boundary of the TR, usually occurring on increased spread and volume. The AR and the initial SOW s indicate a change of character in the price action of the stock: LPSY—last point of supply. After testing support on a SOW, a feeble rally on narrow spread shows that the market is having considerable difficulty advancing.

This inability to rally may be due to weak demand, substantial supply or both. A UTAD is the distributional counterpart to the spring and terminal shakeout in the accumulation TR. It occurs in the latter stages of the TR and provides a definitive test of new demand after a breakout above TR resistance. Analogous to springs and shakeouts, a UTAD is not a required structural element: Phase A in a distribution TR marks the stopping of the prior uptrend.

Up to this point, demand has been dominant and the first significant evidence of supply entering the market is provided by preliminary supply PSY and the buying climax BC.

These events are usually followed by an automatic reaction AR and then a secondary test ST of the BC, often upon diminished volume. However, the uptrend may also terminate without climactic action, instead demonstrating exhaustion of demand with decreasing spread and volume, and with less upward progress made on each rally before significant supply emerges. In a redistribution TR within a larger downtrend, phase A may look more like the start of an accumulation TR e.

However, phases B through E of a re-distribution TR can be analyzed in a similar manner to the distribution TR at the market top. The function of phase B is to build a cause in preparation for a new downtrend.

During this time, institutions and large professional interests are disposing of their long inventory and initiating short positions in anticipation of the next markdown. The points about phase B in distribution are similar to those made for phase B in accumulation, except that the large interests are net sellers of shares as the TR evolves, with the goal of exhausting as much of the remaining demand as possible. For instance, SOWs are usually accompanied by significantly increased spread and volume to the downside.

In distribution, phase C may reveal itself via an upthrust UT or UTAD. As noted above, a UT is the opposite of a spring. It is a price move above TR resistance that quickly reverses and closes in the TR. This is a test of the remaining demand. A UT or UTAD allows large interests to mislead the public about the future trend direction and to sell additional shares at elevated prices to such break-out traders and investors before the markdown begins.

In addition, a UTAD may induce smaller traders in short positions to cover and surrender their shares to the larger interests who have engineered this move. Aggressive traders may wish to initiate short positions after a UT or UTAD. Often demand is so weak in a distribution TR that price does not reach the level of the BC or initial ST. Phase D arrives after the tests in phase C show us the last gasps of demand. During phase D price travels to or through TR support.

The evidence that supply is clearly dominant increases either with a clear break of support or with a decline below the mid-point of the TR after a UT or UTAD. There are often multiple weak rallies within phase D; these LPSYs represent excellent opportunities to initiate or add to profitable short positions.

Anyone still in a long position during phase D is asking for trouble. Phase E depicts the unfolding of the downtrend; the stock leaves the TR and supply is in control. Once TR support is broken on a major SOW, this breakdown is often tested with a rally that fails at or near support. This also represents a high-probability opportunity to sell short. Subsequent rallies during the markdown are usually feeble. Traders who have taken short positions can trail their stops as price declines.

After a significant down-move, climactic action may signal the beginning of a re-distribution TR or of accumulation. Analysis of supply and demand on bar charts by examining volume and price movement represents one of the central pillars of the Wyckoff method.

For example, a price bar with wide spread, closing at its high well above the highs of the previous several bars, accompanied by higher-than-average volume, suggests the presence of demand.

Similarly, a high-volume price bar with wide spread closing at its low well below the lows of prior bars suggests the presence of supply.

These simple examples belie the extent of the subtleties and nuances of such analysis. For instance, labeling and understanding the implications of Wyckoff events and phases in trading ranges, and ascertaining when the price is ready to be marked up or down, is based largely on the correct assessment of supply and demand. Conventional wisdom of much technical analysis and basic economic theory accepts one of the obvious insights of the law of Supply and Demand: The converse is also true: For example, when volume Effort and price Result both increase substantially, they are in harmony, suggesting that Demand will likely continue to propel price higher.

In some instances, however, volume may increase, and even increase substantially, yet the price does not follow, producing only a marginal change at the close. If we observe this price-volume behavior in a reaction to support in an accumulation trading range, this indicates absorption of supply by large interests, and is considered bullish. Several reactions in the AAPL chart below illustrate the Law of Effort versus Result.

In this chart of AAPL, we can observe the principle of Effort versus Result in three price reactions. In the first, we see prices falling on a number of wide-spread bars and volume increasing. This suggests a harmony between volume Effort and the decline in price Result. In the second reaction, price decreases by a similar amount as in Reaction 1, but on smaller spreads and lower volume, indicative of reduced supply, which in turn suggests the potential for at least a short-term rally.

In Reaction 3, the swing size decreases, but volume increases. In other words, the Effort increases while the Result decreases, showing the presence of large buyers absorbing supply in anticipation of a continuation of the rally. To identify candidates for long positions, he looked for stocks or industries that were outperforming the market, both during trends and within trading ranges; while for short positions he looked for underperformers.

Therefore, he conducted his comparative strength analysis between a stock and the market or between a stock and others in its industry by placing one chart under another, as in the example below. Wyckoff compared successive waves or swings in each chart, examining the strength or weakness of each in relation to prior waves on the same chart and to the corresponding points on the comparison chart.

A variation of this approach is to identify significant highs and lows and note them on both charts. Then one can evaluate the strength of the stock by looking at its price relative to the previous high s or low s , doing the same thing on the comparison chart. This shows that AAPL is underperforming the market at point 3. The picture changes in February: AAPL is starting to outperform the market by making a higher high at point 5 and higher low at 6 relative to the market, which is making a lower high at point 5 and a lower low at point 6.

Modern Wyckoff practitioners can utilize the Relative Strength Ratio between a stock and a market proxy to compare points of strength and weakness.

In fact, use of the Relative Strength Ratio can more easily eliminate potential inaccuracies due to the existence of different price scales between a stock and its relevant market index.

Whereas the three Wyckoff laws provide a big-picture foundation for the Wyckoff method, the nine buying and selling tests are a set of narrower, specific principles to help guide trade entry. These tests help delineate when a trading range is drawing to a close and a new uptrend markup or downtrend markdown is about to begin.

In other words, the nine tests define the line of least resistance in the market. Below is a listing of the nine buying tests and nine selling tests, including the references to which kind of chart should be used. Adapted from Pruden H The Three Skills of Top Trading. The downtrend in this example of AAPL concludes with Preliminary Support PS , a Selling Climax SC , an Automatic Rally AR and a Secondary Test ST , which combine to satisfy Test 2. Volume contracts throughout the trading range and prices start to make higher highs and higher lows — this shows a decrease and absorption of supply and ease of upward movement, despite decreasing demand.

Once supply has been exhausted, price can rise on lower demand than one might otherwise expect. Such activity is bullish and it satisfies Test 3. The downward stride and downtrend channel have been broken and price consolidates in the trading range — Test 4 is satisfied.

In February - April , AAPL makes higher highs and higher lows, all of which are stronger than the market. This satisfies Tests 5, 6 and 7. The stock has spent six months consolidating and has built a cause sufficient for a substantial future advance. The base is formed, satisfying Test 8. The Wyckoff Count Guide shows the trader how to calculate the cause built during a trading range so as to be able to project future price targets.

The process consists of the following:. The box size is points with 3-box reversals. Therefore, to calculate price targets, tally the number of columns at the level of the count line, multiply that sum by the box size and 3 the reversal metric , then add this product to: The pioneering work of Richard D. Wyckoff in the early twentieth century was centered around the realization that stock price trends were driven primarily by institutional and other large operators who manipulate stock prices in their favor.

The discipline involved in this approach allows the investor to make informed trading decisions unclouded by emotion. Attaining proficiency in Wyckoff analysis requires considerable practice, but is well worth the effort. Market data provided by: Commodity and historical index data provided by: Unless otherwise indicated, all data is delayed by 20 minutes. The information provided by StockCharts. Trading and investing in financial markets involves risk.

You are responsible for your own investment decisions. Log In Sign Up Help. Free Charts ChartSchool Blogs Webinars Members. Table of Contents The Wyckoff Method: A Five-Step Approach to the Market. Wyckoff Buying Tests for Accumulation. Wyckoff Selling Tests for Distribution.

The Composite Man carefully plans, executes, and concludes his campaigns. One must study individual stock charts with the purpose of judging the behavior of the stock and the motives of those large operators who dominate it. With study and practice, one can acquire the ability to interpret the motives behind the action that a chart portrays. Wyckoff and his associates believed that if one could understand the market behavior of the Composite Man, one could identify many trading and investment opportunities early enough to profit from them.

PS—preliminary support , where substantial buying begins to provide pronounced support after a prolonged down-move. Volume increases and price spread widens, signaling that the down-move may be approaching its end. SC—selling climax , the point at which widening spread and selling pressure usually climaxes and heavy or panicky selling by the public is being absorbed by larger professional interests at or near a bottom.

Often price will close well off the low in a SC, reflecting the buying by these large interests. AR—automatic rally , which occurs because intense selling pressure has greatly diminished.

A wave of buying easily pushes prices up; this is further fueled by short covering. The high of this rally will help define the upper boundary of an accumulation TR.

If a bottom is to be confirmed, volume and price spread should be significantly diminished as the market approaches support in the area of the SC. It is common to have multiple STs after a SC. Test —Large operators always test the market for supply throughout a TR e. If considerable supply emerges on a test, the market is often not ready to be marked up.

A spring is often followed by one or more tests; a successful test indicating that further price increases will follow typically makes a higher low on lesser volume. SOS—sign of strength , a price advance on increasing spread and relatively higher volume. LPS—last point of support , the low point of a reaction or pullback after a SOS. Backing up to an LPS means a pullback to support that was formerly resistance, on diminished spread and volume.

On some charts, there may be more than one LPS, despite the ostensibly singular precision of this term.

This term is short-hand for a colorful metaphor coined by Robert Evans, one of the leading teachers of the Wyckoff method from the s to the s. A back-up is a common structural element preceding a more substantial price mark-up, and can take on a variety of forms, including a simple pullback or a new TR at a higher level.

The process consists of the following: The box size for the Dow-Jones Industrial Average could be points. After having identified a sign of strength SOS towards the right side of the TR on the bar chart, locate the last point at which support was met on a reaction—the last point of support LPS.

These increments in counts should be based on phases corresponding to specific Wyckoff events within the TR. In moving to the left, turn to your bar chart and divide the area of accumulation into phases, adding one complete phase at a time.

Volume and price action will usually show where the phase began and ended. When the LPS occurs at either of these levels, this tends to validate the count. Usually a spring is followed by a SOS, and the low of the reaction following that SOS is also a valid LPS. As the trend progresses, you will often see price consolidation, or a new trading range, forming at a higher or, in a downtrend, a lower level.

Thus, as the new TR forms, you can often get a timing indication by watching the action of the stock as the potential count begins to confirm the original count. In other words, as the price target projected from the stepping-stone TR approaches that of the original TR, the upward or downward trend may be ready to resume.

For example, long-term counts on three-point and five-point charts are frequently confirmed by subsequent minor counts using a one-point chart in re-accumulation TRs. You will thus be using the most conservative count s as a guide so as to estimate more realistic minimum price targets.

Use them as projected points where a turn could occur, and use the bar chart to observe the price action and volume as these points are approached. In case of three-point or five-point charts, the same count line should be used as for one-point charts.

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